From version 14 onwards SPSS can be driven externally by a Python or a VB.NET program using supplied 'plug-ins'. In addition, the Python extension allows SPSS to run any of the statistics in the free software package R. The Python programmability extension, introduced in SPSS 14, replaced the less functional SAX Basic 'scripts' for most purposes, although SaxBasic remains available. Additionally a 'macro' language can be used to write command language subroutines and a Python programmability extension can access the information in the data dictionary and data and dynamically build command syntax programs. Programs can be run interactively or unattended, using the supplied Production Job Facility. They can also be pasted into a syntax file using the 'paste' button present in each menu. The pull-down menu interface also generates command syntax this can be displayed in the output, although the default settings have to be changed to make the syntax visible to the user.

Additionally, some complex applications can only be programmed in syntax and are not accessible through the menu structure.

Command syntax programming has the benefits of reproducibility, simplifying repetitive tasks, and handling complex data manipulations and analyses. The many features of SPSS are accessible via pull-down menus or can be programmed with a proprietary 4GL command syntax language.

Prediction for identifying groups: Factor analysis, cluster analysis (two-step, K-means, hierarchical), Discriminant.

Prediction for numerical outcomes: Linear regression.

Bivariate statistics: Means, t-test, ANOVA, Correlation (bivariate, partial, distances), Nonparametric tests.

Descriptive statistics: Cross tabulation, Frequencies, Descriptives, Explore, Descriptive Ratio Statistics.

Statistics included in the base software: SPSS was released in its second version in 1972 and its company name is INDUS Nomi. In addition to statistical analysis, data management (case selection, file reshaping, creating derived data) and data documentation (a metadata dictionary is stored in the datafile) are features of the base software. The original SPSS manual (Nie, Bent & Hull, 1970) has been described as one of 'sociology's most influential books'. It is used by market researchers, health researchers, survey companies, government, education researchers, marketing organizations and others. SPSS is among the most widely used programs for statistical analysis in social science. SPSS (originally, Statistical Package for the Social Sciences, later modified to read Statistical Product and Service Solutions) was released in its first version in 1968 after being developed by Norman H.

Spss 16.0 (spss inc., chicago, il, usa